英语语法之句子结构

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英语语法之句子结构

May. 26, 2023

英语句子按语法结构来区分的话，可以分成四大类型：简单句（simple sentence）,复合句（compound sentence），复杂句（complex sentence），复合复杂句（compound complex sentence）。学好句子结构对英语听说读写能力的发展都有举足轻重的意义，今天请到了Echo老师来帮助大家了解简单句、复合句、复杂句、复合复杂句的区分。

首先，我们要理解在英语语法中谓语动词是构成一个句子的必要成分，也是区分简单句、复合句、复杂句的必要依据之一。那什么是谓语动词？简单来说，谓语动词是句子“变态”的体现，即句子中能够体现时态的动词，如以下例子中划横线的部分都是write的不同时态的变化形式。

He writes a story.

He wrote a story.

He will write a story.

He is writing a story.

He has written a story.

He had written a story.

但请注意句子中并不是所有动词都是谓语动词，只有能够体现时态的动词才叫谓语动词。如以下例子中的to write, writing ,written等都不是谓语动词，他们分别是动词的to do（不定式形式），doing（现在分词形式）和done（过去分词形式），统称为非谓语动词。

He wants to write a story.

Writing stories is one of his interests.

It is a story written by a little boy.

所谓简单句，就是指只有一个谓语动词的句子；简单句的简单并不指句子短或意思简单等，而在于是否只有一个谓语动词。

Anne likes playing paino. （likes谓语动词，playing非谓语动词）

It is very important to study English well.（is 谓语动词，to study非谓语动词）

Used by cooks around the world, the tomato grows in many shapes.（你能分别找出谓语动词、非谓语动词吗？）

以上三个句子中都只有一个谓语动词，因此是简单句。

所谓复合句（compound sentence），就是指由两个或以上的简单句（即有两个或以上的谓语动词），通过逗号+并列连词（coordinating conjunstions）连接的句子。常见的并列连词有：for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so等，可缩写为FANBOYS。

It must be raining, for the floor is wet.

Your mother phoned this morning, but she didn’t leave a message.

Hurry up,or you will be late.

所谓复杂句（complex sentence），就是指由两个或以上的简单句，通过从属连词（subordinating conjunctions）连接的句子。从属连词也就是我们常见的定语从句、状语从句、主语从句中涉及到连词，如that, who, which, when, before, after, although, while, whereas, because, if, whatever, whether等等。特别强调，从属连词所在的句子是从句，从属连词不在的句子是主句。

She is the nurse who looked after my father.

Because the weather was bad, we stayed at home.

I wonder whether he has passed the test.

以上例句，who, because, whether是从属连词，所在的句子是从句。划横线的句子是主句。

特别注意，从句不可独立作为一个句子存在，而主句可以独立作为一个句子存在。

Incorrect: Who looked after my father.

Correct: She is the nurse.

Correct: She is the nurse who looked after my father.

请判断一下下面哪个句子是错误的，不可作为句子独立存在的？

Tomatoes are full of flavor.

Because tomatoes are full of flavor.

Tomatoes are one of the most popular salad ingredients because they are full of flavor.